Oct 22, 2023 · Confounding variables are variables that ‘confound’ (meaning to confuse) the data in a study. In scholarly terms, we say that they are extraneous variables that correlate (positively or …

Jun 9, 2021 · This tutorial provides an explanation of confounding variables, including a formal definition and several examples.

An association between 2 variables X and Y cannot be interpreted as causal if it can be attributed to an alternative mechanism. Confounding is an example of such mechanism that alters the relationship …

May 29, 2020 · Here, the confounding variable is temperature: high temperatures cause people to both eat more ice cream and spend more time outdoors under the sun, resulting in more sunburns. To …

Nov 26, 2025 · Here are several clear confounding variable examples across different fields: People who drink more coffee may also smoke more, and smoking—not coffee—may be the true cause of …

These are known as confounding variables. A confounding variable is related to both the explanatory variable and the response variable. There is a positive relationship between ice cream sales and …

In an experiment, the independent variable typically has an effect on your dependent variable. For example, if you are researching whether lack of exercise leads to weight gain, then lack of exercise …