Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

For more than a century, Srinivasa Ramanujan’s uncanny formulas for the number pi have looked like pure mathematical fireworks, dazzling but detached from the physical world. Now a new wave of ...

Clarification: This story has been updated to clarify how University of Colorado researchers handle their data collection. A student digs into a math problem that references his favorite superhero, ...

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